ENVIRONMENT
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Revised Edition
The roots of ecology lie in Natural History, which is as old as human civilization itself. Since early history, man has indulged in ecology in a practical sort of way, knowingly and unknowingly. In primitive societies every individual was required to have an intimate knowledge of his envi- ronment for their survival, i.e., about the forces of nature and of plants and animals around him/her.Our ancient Indian texts have references to ecological prin-ciples. The classical texts of the Vedic period such as the Vedas, the Samhitas, the Brahmanas and the Aranyakas- Upanishads contain many references to ecological concepts. The Indian treatise on medicine, the Charaka-Samhita and the surgical text Sushruta-Samhita, show that people during this period had a good understanding of plant and animal ecology.
These texts contain classification of animals on the basis of habit and habitat, land in terms of nature of soil, climate and vegetation; and description of plants typical to various localities. Charaka- Samhita contains information that air, land, water and seasons were indispensable for life and that polluted air and water were injurious to health.
Everything that surrounds or affects an organism during its life time is collectively known as its environment.
The environment is defined as ‘the sum total of living, non-living components; influences and events, surrounding an organism.
All organisms (from virus to man) are obligatorily depend-ent on the other organism and environment for food, en-ergy, water, oxygen, shelter and for other needs.
The relationship and interaction between organism and environment are highly complex. It comprises both living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components. The environment is not static. Both biotic and abiotic fac-tors are in a flux and keeps changing continuously.
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