Modern History Spectrum Ebook
*SOURCES AND APPROACHES
Chapter 1
Sources for the History of Modern India 1
Archival Materials 2
Central Government Archives 2
Archives of the State Governments 3
Archives of Three Presidencies 4
Archives of Other European Powers 4
Judicial Records 5
Published Archives 5
Private Archives 6
Foreign Repositories 6
Biographies, Memoirs and Travel Accounts 7
Newspapers and Journals 8
Oral Evidence 9
Creative Literature 10
Painting 10
Summary 12
Chapter 2
Major Approaches to the History of Modern India 13
Colonial Approach/ Historiography 14
Nationalist Historiography/ Approach 14
Marxist Historiography/ Approach 15
Subaltern Approach/ Historiography 16
Communalist Approach 17
Cambridge School 18
Liberal and Neo-Liberal Interpretations 18
*ADVENTOFEUROPEANS AND CONSOLIDATION OF BRITISH POWER IN INDIA
Chapter 3
Advent of the Europeans in India 21
The Portuguese in India 22
The Quest for and Discovery of a 22
Sea Route to India
From Trading to Ruling 23
Portuguese State 28
Portuguese Lose Favour with the Mughals 30
Decline of the Portuguese 32
Significance of the Portuguese 34
The Dutch 35
Dutch Settlements 35
Anglo-Dutch Rivalry 36
Decline of the Dutch in India 36
The English 37
Charter of Queen Elizabeth I 37
Progress of the English Company 38
The French 42
Foundation of French Centres in India 42
The Anglo-French Struggle for Supremacy: the 44
Carnatic Wars
Causes for the English Success and the 51
French Failure
The Danes 53
Why the English Succeeded against 53
Other European Powers
Structure and Nature of the Trading Companies 53
Naval Superiority 54
Industrial Revolution 54
Military Skill and Discipline 54
Stable Government 54
Lesser Zeal for Religion 55
Use of Debt Market 55
Chapter 4
India on the Eve of British Conquest 59
Challenges before the Mughals 59
External Challenges 59
Weak Rulers after Aurangzeb—An 62
Internal Challenge
Causes of Decline of Mughal Empire 64
Shifting Allegiance of Zamindars 65
Jagirdari Crisis 65
Rise of Regional Aspirations 68
Economic and Administrative Problems 69
Rise of Regional States 70
Survey of Regional Kingdoms 70
Nature and Limitations of Regional States 73
Socio-Economic Conditions 74
Agriculture 74
Trade and Industry 74
Status of Education 76
Societal Set-up 77
Developments in Art, Architecture 78
and Culture
Chapter 5
Expansion and Consolidation of British 82
Power in India
The British Imperial History 82
Was the British Conquest 82
Accidental or Intentional?
When did the British Period Begin in India? 84
Causes of British Success in India 85
Superior Arms, Military, and Strategy 85
Better Military Discipline and Regular Salary 85
Civil Discipline and Fair Selection System 86
Brilliant Leadership and Support of 86
Second-Line Leaders
Strong Financial Backup 86
Nationalist Pride 87
British Conquest of Bengal 87
Bengal on the Eve of British Conquest 87
Alivardi Khan and the English 88
Challenges Before Siraj-ud-Daulah 88
The Battle of Plassey 89
Mir Kasim and the Treaty of 1760 90
The Battle of Buxar 91
The Treaty of Allahabad 93
Dual Government in Bengal (1765–72) 94
Mysore’s Resistance to the Company 95
The Wodeyar / Mysore Dynasty 95
Rise of Haidar Ali 95
First Anglo-Mysore War (1767-69) 96
Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780–84) 97
Third Anglo-Mysore War 98
Fourth Anglo-Mysore War 99
Mysore After Tipu 101
Anglo-Maratha Struggle for Supremacy 102
Rise of the Marathas 102
Entry of the English into Maratha Politics 102
First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–82) 103
Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–05) 105
Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–19) 107
Why the Marathas Lost 108
Conquest of Sindh 110
Rise of Talpuras Amirs 110
Gradual Ascendancy over Sindh 110
Criticisms of the Conquest of Sindh 114
Conquest of Punjab 114
Consolidation of Punjab under the Sikhs 114
Ranjit Singh and the English 116
Punjab After Ranjit Singh 117
First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–46) 117
Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848–49) 119
Significance of the Anglo-Sikh Wars 120
Extension of British Paramountcy 120
Through Administrative Policy
The Policy of Ring-Fence 120
Subsidiary Alliance 121
Doctrine of Lapse 124
Relations of British India with 126
Neighbouring Countries
Anglo-Bhutanese Relations 126
Anglo-Nepalese Relations 127
Anglo-Burmese Relations 127
Anglo-Tibetan Relations 129
Anglo-Afghan Relations 130
John Lawrence and the Policy of 131
Masterly Inactivity
Lytton and the Policy of Proud Reserve 132
British India and the North-West Frontier 133
Summary 134
*RISING RESENTMENT AGAINST COMPANY RULE
Chapter 6
People’s Resistance Against British Before 1857 137
People’s Resistance: Meaning 138
Genesis of People’s Resistance 138
Causative Factors for People’s Uprisings 139
Civil Uprisings 139
Major Causes of Civil Uprisings 139
General Characteristics of Civil Uprisings 140
Important Civil Uprisings 140
Peasant Movements with Religious Overtones 153
Tribal Revolts 155
Different Causes for Mainland and 155
North-Eastern Tribal Revolts
Characteristics of Tribal Revolts 156
Important Tribal Movements 157
of the Mainland
Tribal Movements of the North-East 167
Sepoy Mutinies 169
Causes 169
Important Mutinies 170
Weaknesses of People’s Uprisings 170
Summary 171
Chapter 7
The Revolt of 1857 174
Simmering Discontent 174
The 1857 Revolt: the Major Causes 175
Economic Causes 175
Political Causes 176
Administrative Causes 177
Socio-Religious Causes 177
Influence of Outside Events 177
Discontent Among Sepoys 177
Beginning and Spread of the Revolt 178
The Spark 178
Starts at Meerut 179
Choice of Bahadur Shah as Symbolic Head 179
Civilians Join 180
Storm Centres and Leaders of the Revolt 181
Suppression of the Revolt 183
Why the Revolt Failed 184
All-India participation was absent 184
All classes did not join 184
Poor Arms and Equipment 185
Uncoordinated and Poorly Organised 185
No Unified Ideology 185
Hindu-Muslim Unity Factor 186
Nature of the Revolt 186
Consequences 189
Significance of the Revolt 192
*REFORM MOVEMENTS
*THE STRUGGLE BEGINS
*NATIONAL MOVEMENT (1905–1918)
*ERA OF MASS NATIONALISM BEGINS
(1919–1939)
*TOWARDS FREEDOM AND PARTITION
(1939–1947)
*INDIA UNDER BRITISH RULE:
GOVERNANCE AND OTHER ASPECTS
*INDEPENDENCE AND AFTER
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